varaharajput.com

.

Book released, Amazon link to Varaha Hunnic Migration to Hind

Sources & Bibliography

Sources & Bibliography

All sources cited in Varaha — Hunnic Migration to Hind by Amit Singh (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2024)

This page lists every source cited across the repository, organised first by category for ease of navigation, then alphabetically as a complete bibliography. Where a primary source has multiple translations or editions, the most accessible English-language edition is listed.

Primary chronicles & travel accounts

  • Sima Qian, Shiji (史記) — esp. ch. 110 (Hsiung-nu lieh-chuan), late 2nd c. BCE
  • Ban Gu, Han Shu — esp. ch. 94 (Xiongnu zhuan)
  • Yang Xuanzhi, Luoyang qielan ji — Northern Wei (386–534 CE)
  • Procopius of Caesarea, De Bello Persico — H. B. Dewing trans., Harvard University Press (2006)
  • Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Book XI — c. 530 CE; M’Crindle trans. (1967)
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae
  • Songyun, Travels — c. 520 CE
  • Hyecho, Wang ocheonchukguk jeon
  • Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsiang), Si-Yu-ki — Buddhist Records of the Western World — Beal trans. (1884)
  • Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Modern Library (2005)
  • Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
  • Vyasa, Mahabharata, esp. Sabha Parva
  • Kalidasa, Raghuvamsha
  • Varahamihira, Brihat Samhita
  • Somadeva, Kathasaritsagara
  • Kalhana, Rajatarangini — M. A. Stein, ed., Verinag Publishers (1991); Gulshan Books (2019)
  • Al-Biruni (Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad), Kitāb al-Hind — Sachau trans., Munshilal Manoharlal (1910); Rupa & Co. (2007/2021)
  • Al-Tabari, Tarikh, Vol. V — Bosworth trans., SUNY Press (1989)
  • Al-Masaudi, Murūj al-Dhahab — Sprenger trans. (1841)
  • Firishta, Tarikh-i Firishta
  • Ibn Khurradadhbih
  • Al-Utbi, Tarikh-i Yamini (Kitab-i-Yamini) — Reynolds trans. (1858)
  • Abd al-Qadir Badayuni
  • Azraqi; Barani; Abdul Malik Islami
  • Hudud al-Alam — anonymous Persian geography, 982 CE
  • Anonymus, Gesta Hungarorum — c. 1200 CE
  • Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Militaris — late 4th c. CE
  • Markandeya Purana — Pargiter trans. (1969)
  • Arya Manjusri Mula Kalpa (Vajrayana)
  • Tang dynastic annals — T’ang shu, Hsin T’ang shu
  • Sogdian Letter II — Nanaivande, c. 313 CE
  • Schøyen Copper Scroll — Talagan, 492/93 CE; Melzer & Bakker eds. (2020)
  • Eran Boar Inscription of Toramana, regnal year 1, c. 500 CE
  • Gardez Ganesha Inscription of Khingila — Sircar, Epigraphia Indica 35 (1966)
  • Kura Pillar Inscription of Toramana, Salt Range
  • Sanjeli Copper Plates of Toramana, regnal year 3
  • Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta, c. 455 CE
  • Mandasor Pillar Inscription of Yasodharman
  • Jhalrapatan Inscription of Raja Doorgangul, S. 748 (692 CE)
  • Bilhari Inscription; Hund Inscription; Hatun Rock Inscription of Patoladeva (Sircar, Epigraphia Indica XXX, 1987)
  • Sirat-i Firoz Shahi; Khazain-ul Futuh; Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi
  • Settlement Records of the U’nah Parganah, Hoshiarpur District (1876)
  • The Ambota Vanshavali — state revenue records, 26 May 1967

Modern reference works on the Hephthalites & Hunnic peoples

  • Hans T. Bakker (ed.), Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History — Barkhuis (2020); foreword by Michael Wills
  • Hans T. Bakker, The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia — Barkhuis (2020)
  • Daniel Balogh (ed.), Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia — Barkhuis (2020)
  • Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe — Cambridge University Press (2013)
  • Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns — Routledge (2016)
  • Aydogdy Kurbanov, The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis — Free University Berlin (2010)
  • Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns — University of California Press (1973)
  • Kazuo Enoki, On the Nationality of the Ephthalites — Toyo Bunko (1929/1959)
  • Peter B. Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples — Otto Harrassowitz (1992); Central Asia in World History — Oxford (2011)
  • Christoph Baumer, The History of Central Asia, 4 vols. — I. B. Tauris (2012–2019)
  • Touraj Daryaee, King of the Seven Climes — Jordan Center for Persian (2017)
  • Khodadad Rezakhani, ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity — Edinburgh University Press (2017)
  • A. D. H. Bivar, “The Alkhan Huns and their Indian Coins”, in Cribb & Herrmann (eds.), After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam — Oxford (2003)
  • Boris Marshak, Legends, Tales and Fables in the Art of Sogdiana (2002)
  • Daniel T. Potts, Nomadism in Iran from Antiquity to the Modern Era — Oxford (2014)
  • Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India (2003); “The Image of the Barbarian in Early India” (1971)
  • Étienne de la Vaissière, on Khingila and the Xiongnu sword Kenglu

Numismatics

  • Klaus Vondrovec, Coinage of the Iranian Huns and their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE) — Austrian Academy of Sciences (2014)
  • Michael Alram, “From the Sasanians to the Huns: New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush” (2014); “A Hoard of Copper Drachms from the Kapisa-Kabul Region” (2000)
  • Matthias Pfisterer — typology of Alkhan rulers
  • Robert Göbl — Hephthalite coinage
  • Martha Carter, “An Indo-Iranian Silver Rhython in the Cleveland Museum” (1979)
  • Alexander Cunningham, “Later Indo-Scythians: Ephthalites, or White Huns” — Numismatic Chronicle 14 (1894)
  • Pratipal Bhatia, “Bull/Horseman Coins of the Shahis, c. AD 650–1026” — Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 34 (1973)
  • V. A. Smith, “White Hun Coin of Vyaghramukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty of Bhinmal” — JRAS 39:4 (1907)

Hindu Shahi & Turk Shahi scholarship

  • Abdur Rehman, The Last Two Dynasties of the Shahis: An Analysis of their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography — Renaissance Publishing House, Peshawar (1988)
  • Abdur Rehman, Ancient Pakistan: New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis (2002)
  • Y. K. Mishra, The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab A.D. 865–1026 — Vaishali Bhavan (1972)
  • Shoshin Kuwayama, Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium — Kyoto University (2002)
  • Janos Harmatta, on Turk Shahi succession (Pakistan Archaeology, 1979)
  • Narinder Kumar Singh, Coronation of Shiva — Rediscovering Masrur Temple — Har-Anand (2009)
  • Mohammad Habib, Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin: A Study — Universal Books (1978)

Buddhist archaeology & the Taxila question

  • John Marshall, Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations — Cambridge University Press (1951); A Guide to Taxila (1921)
  • Kurt A. Behrendt, The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara — Brill (2004)
  • Elizabeth Errington, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis & Joe Cribb, From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan — British Museum Press (2011)
  • Sally Hovey Wriggins, Xuanzang (2023)
  • Etienne Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era — Université catholique de Louvain (1988)
  • Ahmad Hasan Dani — Damkot excavations
  • Christoph Blänsdorf, “Dating of the Buddha Statues — AMS C-Dating of Organic Materials” (2009)
  • Schørflinger, “Die Kidariten in Taxila” (2013)

Genetics

  • Balanovsky, O., et al., “Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration” — BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(S1) (2017)
  • Mascarenhas, D. D., Raina, A., Aston, C. E., & Sanghera, D. K., “Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage” — BioMed Research International (2015)
  • Schmidt, R. W. & Seguchi, N., “Craniofacial Variation of the Xiongnu Iron Age Nomads of Mongolia Reveals Their Possible Origins and Population History” — Quaternary International 405 (2016)
  • Habu, J., Lape, P. V., Olsen, J. W. & Eastep, A. M., “The Archaeology of Mongolia”, in Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology — Springer (2018)

The Varaha clan & Rajput genealogy

  • G. S. L. Devra, “Political Wilderness and Social Dismemberment — Vrahas: A Forgotten Clan of Northwest India (Pre-Medieval Period)”, JSTOR (2003)
  • G. S. L. Devra, Environmental Crisis and Social Dismemberment in Northwest India During the Pre-Colonial Period — Nehru Memorial Museum & Library (2012)
  • Dashrath Sharma, “Identification of the Birāhān” — Poona Orientalist 8 (1943)
  • S. H. Hodivala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History — Popular Book Depot (1939)
  • James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan — Rupa & Co. (2014)
  • Mary Festing, “Some Princes of Jessulmer” in From the Land of Princes — Nabu (2010)
  • Hari Singh Bhatti, Pugal ka Itihaads — Sankhla Printers (1989)
  • H. A. Rose, A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (1914)
  • Denzil Ibbetson, Punjab Castes (1916)
  • Aparna Dewey Jhala & Jayasinhji Jhala, Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c.1090–2016 — De Gruyter (2017)
  • Ferenc Zajti, Hungarian Millennia (Skytha-Hungarian Racial Identity) — Budapest (1939)

Linguistics

  • Edwin Pulleyblank — Xiongnu language
  • Alexander Vovin — Yeniseian Xiongnu hypothesis (2003)
  • George van Driem, “Xiongnu” entry (2013)
  • Lajos Ligeti
  • Christopher P. Atwood, “Huns and Xiōngnu: New Thoughts on an Old Problem” (2012)
  • Nicholas Sims-Williams, Bactrian Personal Names, in Iranisches Personennamenbuch — OAW (2010)
  • W. B. Henning, “A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqatärān” — BSOAS 14:3 (1952)
  • Andras Róna-Tas, Bayarma Khabtagaeva & Zsuzsanna Olach, Historical Linguistics and Philology of Central Asia — Brill (2022)

Persian / Sassanian background

  • Richard N. Frye, The Heritage of Persia — Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1962); “Some Early Iranian Titles” — Oriens 15 (1962); The Golden Age of Persia — Phoenix (2003)
  • Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices — Routledge (2001)
  • Arthur Christensen, L’Iran sous les Sassanides — Leroux (1944)
  • Helmut Humbach, “Mithra in India and the Hinduized Magi”, in Acta Iranica (1978)

Full alphabetical bibliography

The complete list of works cited across this repository follows. Where a single author has multiple cited works, they are listed in chronological order.

  • A., K. D. H. (2002). The polity and the peasantry. In Naukar, Rajput and sepoy: The ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 (pp. 18–21). essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Abdur Rahman. (2002). Ancient Pakistan: New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis, Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar..
  • Agrawal, J. (2001). Bhatinda stone inscription of the reign Satrughnadeva. In Inscriptions of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Kashmir & adjoining hilly tracts (pp. 151–152). essay, Indian Council of Historical Research.
  • Ahmad, Q., & Sachau, E. C. (1983). A Summary Description Of The Eras. In India by Al-Biruni (pp. 192–193). Essay, National Book Trust.
  • Aḥmad, B. M. ibn, & Sachau, E. (2007). A summary description of the eras. In Albêrûnî’s India: An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, Chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India, about A.D. 1030 (pp. 416–416). essay, Rupa & Co.
  • Aḥmad, B. M. ibn. (2021). A summary description of the eras. In Albêrûnî’s India: An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, Chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India, about A.D. 1030 (pp. 413–414). essay, Rupa & Co.
  • Alexander, S. (2015). The Unicorn Myth. In Unicorns the myths, Legends, & Lore (pp. 31–32). essay, F+W Media.
  • Allami, A. l-Fadl. (1993). The subah of Delhi. In The ain I akbari (pp. 105–105). Essay, : Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science.
  • Allchin, R., Ball, W., & Hammond, N. (2019a). From the Kushans to the Shahis. In The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid period (pp. 349–250). essay, Edinburgh University Press.
  • Allchin, R., Ball, W., & Hammond, N. (2019b). From the Kushans to the Shahis . In The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid period (pp. 349–349). essay, Edinburgh University Press.
  • Alram, M. (2000). A Hoard of Copper Drachms From the Kapisa-Kabul Region. Silk Road Art and Achaeology, Volume 6, The Institute of Silk Road Studies, kamakura (2000).
  • Alram, M. (2014). From the Sasanians to the Huns new numismatic evidence from the Hindu kush. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44710198.pdf?ab_ segments=
  • AMAR, A. S. (2012). Buddhist Responses to Brāhmaṇa Challenges in Medieval India: Bodhgayā and Gayā. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22(1), 155–185. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41490380 Ambeḍakara, B. R. (1946). Preface. In Who were the Shudras?: How they came to be the fourth varna in the indo-aryan society (pp. 6–6). preface, Thacker & Co.
  • ARADI, É. (2010). The Yue-chis, Kushans and Hephtalites. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2(2), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1879-3665(10)00027-8
  • Asopa, J. N. (1990). A socio-political and economic study, Northern India. Akashdeep Publishing House.
  • Atwood, C. P. (2012). Huns and Xiōngnu: New thoughts on an old problem. . CORE, 48–48.
  • Bailey, E. C. (1833). Notes on some sculptures found in the district of Peshawar. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 606–606.
  • Bailey, H. W. (1954). NORTH IRANIAN PROBLEMS.
  • In Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (Vol. XIX, pp. 207–210). essay, The School of Oriental and African studies.
  • Bakker, Hans T. (2020). The Alkhan in the Northwest of the Subcontinent. In The Alkhan: A Hunnic people in South Asia (pp. 49–50). essay, Barkhuis.
  • Bakker, Hans Teye. (2020a). Preface. In The Alkhan: A Hunnic people in South Asia (pp. xi–xii). essay, Barkhuis.
  • Bakker, Hans Teye. (2020b). The Sasanian and Gupta Empires and their struggle against the Huns. In The Alkhan: A Hunnic people in South Asia (pp. 14–15). essay, Barkhuis.
  • Balanovsky, O., Gurianov, V., Zaporozhchenko, V., Balaganskaya, O., Urasin, V., Zhabagin, M., Grugni, V., Canada, R., Al-Zahery, N., Raveane, A., Wen, S.- Q., Yan, S., Wang, X., Zalloua, P., Marafi, A., Koshel, S., Semino, O., Tyler-Smith, C., & Balanovska, E. (2017a). Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17(S1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0870-2
  • Yan, S., Wang, X., Zalloua, P., Marafi, A., Koshel, S., Semino, O., Tyler-Smith, C., & Balanovska, E. (2017b, February 7). Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration – BMC Ecology and evolution. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0870-2
  • Balfour, E. (1871). Shikarpur. In Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: Products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour (pp. 280–280). essay, Dr.: Scottish and Adelphi Pr.
  • Balfour, E. (1873). Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: Products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour. Dr.: Scottish and Adelphi Pr.
  • Ball, W., & Hammond, N. (2019). From the Kushans to the Shahis. In The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid period (pp. 351–351). essay, Edinburgh University Press.
  • Balogh, Daniel (Ed.). (2020a). Chinese sources. In Hunnic peoples in Central and South Asia (pp. 72–72). essay, Barkhuis Groningen.
  • Balogh, Daniel. (2020b). Hunnic peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their origin and … JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13nb6vw.17
  • Balogh, Daniel. (2020c). Hunnic peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their origin and … JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13nb6vw.17
  • Balogh, Dániel. (2020). Chinese sources. In Hunnic peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their origin and history (pp. 93–136). essay, Barkhuis.
  • Bang, P. F., & Scheidel, W. (2021). The Delhi Sultanate as Empire. In The Oxford World History of Empire (pp. 587–587). essay, Oxford University Press.
  • Barfield, T. J. (1981). The hsiung-nu imperial confederacy: Organization and foreign policy. The Journal of Asian Studies, 41(1), 45–61. https://doi. org/10.2307/2055601
  • Barnes, R. (2012). Textiles in indian ocean societies. Routledge.
  • Baumer, C. (2012a). The Rouran and Gaoche. In The history of Central Asia (pp. 90–91). essay, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Baumer, C. (2012b). The Rouran and Gaoche. In The history of Central Asia (pp. 90–91). essay, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • BAUMER, C. (2018). The migration of Hunnic people to Northern China, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In History of Central Asia: 4-volume set (Vol. 1, pp. 99–101). essay, I B TAURIS.
  • Baumer, C. (2018). The migration of Hunnic peoples to Northers China, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In The history of Central Asia (Vol. 2, pp. 99–100). essay, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Baumer, C. (2019). The first Turkic Khagante. In History of Central Asia (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 200–201). essay, I. B. Tauris.
  • Beckwith, C. I. (2021). The Turgis alliance. In The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages (pp. 96–96). essay, Princeton University Press.
  • Behrendt, K. A. (2004a). Architecture in the Peshawar basin. In The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara (pp. 206–206). essay, Brill.
  • Behrendt, K. A. (2004b). Phase III & IV Architecture in Peshawar basin. In The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara (pp. 207–207). essay, Brill.
  • Behrendt, K. A. (2004c). Phase III Phase IVArchitecture in the Peshawar Basin. In The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara (pp. 204–206). essay, Brill.
  • Bhandarkar, D R. (1929a). APPENDIX— INSCRIPTIONS OF NORTHERN INDIA. In
  • Bhandarkar, D R. (1929b). BIHAR AND ORISSA. In EPIGRAPHIA INDICA (Vol. XIX to XXIII., pp. 247– 248). essay, UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA.
  • Bhandarkar, D. R. (1983). Epigraphia indica (Vol. XIV–XXIII). Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Bhandarkar, Devadata Ramkrishna, Law, B. C., & Ghosh, B. (1936). Chief Political Divisions of India. In B. M. Barua (Ed.), Indian Culture (Vol. XI, Ser. 2, pp. 169–169). essay, Satish Chandra Seal.
  • Bhatia, P. (1973). BULL/HORSEMAN COINS OF
  • Bhatti, H. S. (1989). Bhatner : Rise and Fall 295- 1805 A.D. In Pugal ka itihaads (pp. 162–162). Essay, Sankhla Printers.
  • Bivar, A. D. H. (2003). The Alkhan Huns and their Indian coins. In J. Cribb & G. Herrmann (Eds.), After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam (pp. 135-165). Oxford University Press
  • Blänsdorf, C. (2009). Dating of the buddha statues – ams C dating of Organic Materials. Heidelburg Journals. https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index. php/monsites/article/download/22983/16750
  • Bombay, G. of. (1912). Part II. In Archaeological Progress Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India, Western Region, For the year ending 31st March 1912- (pp. 53–53). essay, Government of Bombay.
  • Boyce, M. (2001). Zoroastrians: Their religious beliefs and practices. Routledge
  • Brash, R. B. (1870). On the Ogham Chamber at Drumloghan, County Waterford. In R. R. Brash (Ed.), Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (1836-1869), Vol. 10 (1866 – 1869) (Vol. X, pp. 112–113). essay,
  • Brash, R. M. (1870, January 10). On the Ogham Chamber at Drumloghan, County Waterford – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20488976
  • Brosseder, U., & Erdene, C. E. (2011). ANIMAL STYLE SILVER ORNAMENTS OF THE XIONGNU PERIOD. In Xiongnu archaeology, multidisciplinary perspectives of the first steppe empire in Inner Asia (pp. 337–339). essay, Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie.
  • Buko, A., & Cyngot, D. (2015). Weapons. In Bodzia: A late Viking-age elite cemetery in central Poland (pp. 186–187). essay, Brill.
  • Burgess, Jas. (1876). Two inscriptions from Jhalarapathan. In The Indian antiquary, a Journal of Oriental Research in archaeology, history, literature, languages, folklore, etc., etc. v.1-1872- (Vol. 5, pp. 180–180). essay, Education Societie’s Press, Byculla.
  • Burgess, Jass (Ed.). (1892). Pehoa parasthi of the reign of mahendarapala. In Epigraphia indica, 1 (pp. 242– 244). essay, Manager of Publ.
  • Burton, R. F. (1851). Chapter 2 Notes. In Sindh, And The Races That Inhabit The Valley Of The Indus, With Notices Of The Topography And History Of The Province (pp. 380–381). essay, Allen.
  • Byrne, J. (2011). Bhagalpur. In Bengal District gazetteers: Bhagalpur (pp. 169–170). essay, Logos Press.
  • Byrne, Joseph. (2011). Bhagalpur Gazetteer. In Bhagalpur (pp. 170–170). Essay, Logos Press.
  • Campbell, J. M., & Enthoven, R. E. (1877). The Mers. In Gazetteer of the Bombay presidency (pp. 141–142). essay, Printed at the Government Central Press.
  • Carter, M. L. (1979). An Indio_Iranian Silver Rhython in the Cleveland museum. JSTOR. https://www.jstor. org/stable/3249540
  • Centre, U. W. H. (2023). Taxila. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/139
  • Chamber , J. (2022). Liberty Equality Fraternity- Democratic Rules. In Ambedkar Beyond Constitution (pp. 33–34). essay, Blue Rose Publisher.
  • Chaplin, D. (1938). The Boar in Britain. In Mythological bonds between East and West (pp. 9–12). essay, E. Munksgaard.
  • Chen, S., & Mair, V. H. (2017). A “black cult” in early medieval China: Iranian-Zoroastrian influence in the Northern Dynasties. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 27(2), 201– 224. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186316000584
  • Christensen, A. (1944). L’Iran sous les Sassanides. E. Leroux
  • Christensen, A. (1971). L’Iran sous Les Sassanides. Zeller.
  • Cosmas, I., & M’Crindle, J. W. (1967). Book XI. In Christianikē topographia the Christian topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian monk (pp. 370–371). essay, B. Franklin.
  • CROWTHER, R. T. (1849). The various classes that embrace Sikhism. In Memorandum on Sikhs. Ms Notes (pp. 38–38). essay, British Publishers.
  • Cunningham, A. (1894). LATER INDO-SCYTHIANS. “EPHTHALITES, OR WHITE HUNS.” The
  • Cunningham, Alexander. (1884). In Report of a tour in the Central Provinces and lower Gangetic doab in 1881-82 (pp. 126–126). essay, OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
  • Cunningham, Alexander. (1886). Coins of Indo- Scythians. In Varia (pp. 228–229). Essay, J S Virtue & Co LTD, London.
  • Cunningham, Alexander. (1886). Coins of Indo- Scythians. In Varia (pp. 260–260). Essay, J S Virtue & Co LTD, London.
  • Curtis, V. S., & Stewart, S. (Eds.). (2008). STATE AND SOCIETY IN LATE ANTIQUE IRAN. In The
  • Daryaee, T. (2017a). From the Kushans to the Western Turks. In King of the seven climes. A history of the ancient Iranian world (3000 BCE – 651 CE) (Vol. 4, Ser. Ancient Iran, pp. 206–207). essay, Jordan Center for Persian.
  • Daryaee, T. (2017b). The Alkhans. In King of the seven climes. A history of the ancient Iranian world (3000 BCE – 651 CE) (pp. 207–207). essay, Jordan Center for Persian.
  • Das, P. (2006). The Naraka legends, Aryanisation – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145840
  • Datt, T. (Ed.). (2014, February 23). Sundargarh . https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/ files/gazetter/Sundargarh_Gazetteer.pdf.http:// www. gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/ gazetter/Sundargarh_Gazetteer.pdf de S. Shortt, H. (1956). A BULL-AND-HORSEMAN
  • Deane, H. A. (1896). Art. xiv.—note on Udyāna and gandhāra. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 28(4), 662–663. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00023959
  • Devra, G. S. (2003). India (pre-medieval period) – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145463
  • Devra, G. S. (2012a). Environmental crisis and social dismemberment in northwest India: During the pre- colonial period. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
  • Devra, G. S. (2012b). IV. In Devra, G. S. (2012). IV.
  • In Environmental Crisis and Social Dismemberment in Northwest India During the Pre-Colonial Period (pp. 21–22). essay, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Teen Murti House.
  • Devra, G. S. L. (2003). “political wilderness and social dismemberment” -varhas: A forgotten clan of north- west india (pre-medieval period) on JSTOR. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/44145463
  • Devra, G. S. L. (2012a). Environmental crisis and social dismemberment in northwest India: During the pre-colonial period. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
  • Devra, G. S. L. (2012b). Environmental Crisis and Social Dismemberment in Northwest India During the Pre-Colonial Period. In Environmental crisis and social dismemberment in northwest India: During the pre- colonial period (pp. 19–20). essay, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
  • Duchesne, J. G. (1978). Mithra in India and the Hinduized Magi. Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, 240–240. https://doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_ com_12099
  • Ellis, Willaim Smith. (1829). Family and local names. In The Antiques of Heraldry (pp. 112–113). essay, John Russel Smith.
  • Ellis, William Smith. (1869). Heraldic origin of many. In The Antiquities of Heraldry (pp. 112–113). essay, John Russell Smith.
  • Enoki, K. (1929). On the Nationality of the Ephthalites. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (The Oriental Library), No. 18, 18(1), 16–17.
  • Enoki, K. (1959). Iranian elements. In On the nationality of the ephthalites (pp. 38–39). essay, The Tokyo Bunko.
  • Errington, E. (Ed.). (2015, March 28). Silk road art and archaeology, vol. 6: Papers in honour of Francine Tissot. Journal of the American Oriental Society. https://www.academia.edu/11699687/Silk_Road_ Art_and_Archaeology_Vol_6_Papers_in_Honour_of_ Francine_Tissot
  • Errington, E., Curtis, V. S., & Cribb, J. (2011). Empires and dynasties. In From Persepolis to the punjab: Exploring ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (pp. 90–98). essay, British Museum Press.
  • Esquire, R. C. A. (1876). History. In Report on the revision of Settlement Records, etc., of the U’nah Parganah of the Hoshiarpur District (pp. 18–18). essay, Printed at the Victoria Press.
  • Felföldi, S. (2001). A prominent hephthalite: Katulph and the fall of the … – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www. jstor.org/stable/23658279
  • Ferrand, G. (1913). TEXTES RELATIFS A l’eXTHÈME-ORIENT. In Relations de voyages et textes geographiques: Arabes, persan et Turks relatifs a l’extreme-orient du viiie AU xviiie Siecles (pp. 94– 95). essay, Ernest Leroux.
  • Festing, G. (2010). SOME PRINCES OF JESSULMER.
  • In From the Land of Princes (pp. 347–350). essay, Nabu Press.
  • Frye, R N. (1986). THE EARLY GHAZNAVIDS. In THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF IRAN (Vol. 4, pp. 165–165). essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Frye, Richard N. (1962). Some early Iranian titles. Oriens, 15, 352. https://doi.org/10.2307/1579861
  • Frye, Richard Nelson. (2000). Central Asia before the Arab conquests. In The golden age of persia: The Arabs in the East (pp. 51–51). essay, Phonix.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson. (2003). Central Asia before the Arab conquests. In The golden age of persia: The Arabs in the East (pp. 51–52). essay, Phonix.
  • Fryre, R. N. (1962). Heirs of Achaemendis. In The heritage of Persia (pp. 210–210). essay, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Gafurov, B. G., & Sharifov, J. (2011). TURKS AND HEPTHALITES. In Tajiks. pre ancient, ancient and medieval history (pp. 221–224). essay, “Irfon.”
  • Gibbon, E. (1907). Chapter XLII: State of the Barbaric World. In The history of the decline and fall of the roman empire (3rd ed., Vol. IV, pp. 226–226). essay, DeFau.
  • Gibbon, E., & Mueller, H.-F. (2005). The decline and fall of the roman empire. Modern Library.
  • Glaesser, G. (1960, September). Reviewed Work(s): Geschichte der Hunnen, Vol. I: Von den Anfängen bis zum Einbruch in Europa (From the Origins to the Invasion of Europe) by Franz Altheim, Robert Göbl, Hans-Wilhelm Haussig, Ruth Stiehl and Erika Trautmann-Nehring. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/pdf/29754252.pdf
  • Gnoli, G. (1989). Farr(ah). In Encyclopædia Iranica (Vol. IX, Fasc. 3, pp. 256-263)
  • Goetz, H. (1969a). Studies in the history and art of Kashmir and the Indian Himalaya Hermann Goetz. Harrassowitz.
  • Goetz, H. (1969b). The Sun Temple of Martand. In Studies in the History and Art of Kashmir and the Indian Himalaya (pp. 24–24). essay, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ – WIESBADEN.
  • Golden, P. (2010). A QARAČAY NART TALE OF LUPINE ORIGINS: AN ECHO OF THE AŠINA TRADITION? Researchgate, 14–15.
  • Golden, P. B. (1992). The Hephthalites. In An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East (pp. 82–83). essay, Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Golden, P. B. (2011a). Crescent over the Steppe: Islam and the Turkic Peoples. In Central Asia in World History (pp. 64–65). essay, Oxford University Press.
  • Golden, P. B. (2011b). The Early Nomads: “Warfare is Their Business.” In Central Asia in World History (pp. 30–34). essay, Oxford University Press.
  • Government, P. (2000). Tribes and Castes. In Punjab district gazetteers: Reprint of phulkian states (Patiala, Jind, and Nabha) Gazetteer, 1904 (pp. 66–66). essay, Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue and Rehabilitation Dept., Punjab.
  • Growth and popularity of Sun Worship in early Bengal. University of West Bengal. (2009). https://ir.nbu.ac.in/ bitstream/123456789/1535/9/09_chapter_04.pdf
  • Gunter , A. C., & Jett, P. (1992). Sassanian Period. In ANCIENT IRANIAN METALWORK IN THE
  • Habib, M., & Nizami, K. A. (1992). Sultan Muhammad. In A comprehensive history of India: In Twelve volumes (pp. 299–301). essay, People’s Publishing House.
  • Habu, J., Lape, P. V., Olsen, J. W., & Eastep, A. M. (2018). The Archaeology of Mongolia. In Handbook of east and Southeast Asian archaeology (pp. 707–707). essay, Springer.
  • Hassnain, F. M. (1977). King Ship. In Hindu Kashmir (pp. 55–55). essay, Light & Life Publishers.
  • Henning, W. B. (1952). A farewell to the khagan of the AQ-aqatärān – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/609112
  • Henning, W. B. (1952). A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqatärān. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 14(3), 501–522. http://www.jstor.org/stable/609112
  • Higham, C. F. W. (2004). Xiongnu. In Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations (pp. 390–391). essay, Facts on File.
  • Hodivala, S. H. (1939). Barani. In Studies in Indo-
  • Hodivala, S. K. (1920). Magas admitted into Brahmanism. In Parsis of Ancient India (p. 28-29). essay, The Sanj Vartaman Press.
  • Hodivala, S. K. (1920). The magas. In Parsis of Ancient India (p. Viii–Viii). essay, The Sanj Vartaman Press. Hoḍīvālā, S. H. (1939). Additions and Corrections. In Studies in Indo-Muslim history (pp. 16–16). essay, Popular Book Depot.
  • Hoernle, A. F. R. (1905). Some problems of ancient Indianhistory. Journalofthe RoyalAsiatic Society,37(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00033475
  • Hooja, R. (2006). The Mauryas of Chittor and Kota. In A History of Rajasthan (pp. 313–314). essay, Rupa & Co.
  • Horn, P. (1893). NIL. In Grundriss der Neupersischen Etymologie (pp. 200–200). Essay, K.J. Trübner.
  • Hornle, A. F. R. (2012). Some problems of ancient Indian history. no. III: The Gurjara clans … JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25208724. pdf?addFooter=false
  • Huntington, S. L., & Huntington, J. C. (2016). Kasmir and related schools. In The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain (pp. 359–360). essay, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
  • HUTCHISON, J., & Vogel, J. P. (1933). Chamba State.
  • In History of the panjab hill states (Vol. I, pp. 288– 289). essay, Punjab Government Publications. Ḥabīb, M. (1978). Career of Mahmud. In Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin: A study (pp. 16–16). essay, Universal Books.
  • IBBETSON, D. (1914). Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-West Frontier Province L – Z (Vol. 3). Civil and Military Gazette Press.
  • Ibbetson, D. (1916). Punjab Castes. In Panjab castes: Races, castes and tribes of the people of Panjab (pp. 139–139). essay, Cosmo Publications.
  • Jackson, B. M. R. (2020). V. HUMILIATION AND HERESY. In The last empire of Iran (pp. 137–137). essay, Gorgias Press LLC.
  • Jain, H. L., & Bhandarkar, D. R. (1944). THE CHIEF POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA DURING THE
  • EIGHTH CENTURY. In Indian Culture (Vol. 11, pp. 161–162). essay, Satis Chandra Publication, Calcutta.
  • Jettmar, K. (1990). THE GILGIT MANUSCRIPTS AND THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF GILGIT.
  • Jhala, A. D., & Jhala, J. (2017). The Making of Jhallesvar Genealogy. In Genealogy, archive, Image: Interpreting dynastic history in western India, c.1090- 2016 (pp. 29–29). essay, De Gruyter Open Ltd.
  • Kaldellis, A. (2012). Tales not unworthy of trust. In Procopius of Caesarea Tyranny, history, and philosophy at the end of antiquity (pp. 70–70). essay, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Kalhaṇa, P., & Stein, A. (1991). Kings of book V and VI. In Kalhaṇa’s Rājataraṅgiṇī: A chronicle of the kings of kaśmīr (Vol. 1, pp. 104–106). essay, Verinag Publishers. Kashani-Sabet, F. (2009). Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran. Oxford University Press
  • Kaul, B. K. (1990). The Sarada Alphabet. In History and culture of ancient gandhāra and western Himalayas: From sāradā epigraphic sources (pp. 5–5). essay, Ariana Pub. House.
  • Kedar, B. Z., & Wiesner-Hanks, M. E. (2015). Trading partners across the Indian Ocean. In The Cambridge World History (Vol. 5, pp. 294–295). essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Kennedy, J. (2015, July 10). The later Kushans – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189078
  • Kennet, D., & Luft, P. (2008). Current research in Sasanian Archaeology, art and history: Proceedings of a conference held at Durham University, November 3rd and 4th, 2001. Archaeopress.
  • Kim, H. J. (2013). The Xiongnu, the Scythians and the Sarmatians. In The Huns, Rome and the birth of Europe (pp. 21–22). essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Kim, H. J. (2016a). THE QUEST FOR ETHNICITY AND ORIGINS: WHO ARE THE HUNS? In The
  • Kim, H. J. (2016b). WHITE HUNNIC EXPANSION AND THE KIDARITE DYNASTY. In The Huns (pp. 56–57). essay, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Kirkland, C. M., Sartain, J., & Hart, J. S. (1852). Kossuth anf the Magyars. In Sartain’s Union Magazine of Literature and art. book of etchings (Vol. 10, Ser. 1-2, pp. 165–165). essay, John Sartain & Company.
  • Kloff, D. H. A. (1990). The polity and the peasantry. In Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy (pp. 18–19). Essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Kotiyal, H. S. (1973). Sudra rulers and officials in early medieval times. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/44138596.pdf
  • Kramer, S. N. (1961). Mythology of Ancient Iran. In Mythologies of the Ancient World. With contributions by Rudolf Anthes and others (pp. 350–351). essay, Doubleday.
  • Kramrisch, S., & Goetz, H. (1956). The early wooden temples of Chamba. Artibus Asiae, 19(1), 85. https:// doi.org/10.2307/3248554
  • Kurbanov, Aĭdogdy. (2010). The Hephthalites: Archaeological and historical analysis (thesis). Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin.
  • Kurbanov, Aydogdy. (2016). Some information related to the Art Histrogy of the Hephthalite time (4th-6th centuries AD) in Central Asia neighbouring countries. ISIMU, 16, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.15366/ isimu2013.16.006
  • Kuwayama, S.(1970a, January 1).Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: A Collection of the papers. Handle Proxy. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120966
  • Kuwayama, S. (1970b, January 1). Historical notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the sixth-eighth centuries. Semantic Scholar. https://www. semanticscholar. org/ paper/Historical- Notes- o n – K % C 4 % 8 1 p i % C 5 % 9 B % C 4 % A B – a n d – K%C4%81bul-in-the-Kuwayama/7197b5263cc14c55 9ffdb7bcd5c03d554fe43dc3
  • KUWAYAMA, S. (2002a). Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: A Collection of the papers. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/44843973_Across_the_Hindukush_of_ the_First_Millennium_a_collection_of_the_papers
  • KUWAYAMA, S. (2002b). The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and Gandhara. In Across the Hindukush of the First Millenium: A Collection of the Papers (pp. 109–110). essay, INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY.
  • Kuwayama, Shōshin. (2002). Across the Hindukush of the first millennium: A collection of the papers published … between 1975 and 1998; report of the
  • Lamotte, E. (1988). History of Indian buddhism: From the origins to the saka era. Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste.
  • Latham, R. G. (1859). The Brahui. In Ethnology of India (pp. 122–122). essay, Verlag.
  • LATHAM, R. G. (2022). Brahuis. In Ethnology of India (Classic reprint) (pp. 223–223). essay, FORGOTTEN BOOKS.
  • Macauliffe, M. A. (1909). Life of Guru Gobind Singh. In The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors (pp. 221–221). essay, Cambridge University Press.
  • Majumdar, R. C., & Munshi, K. M. (2018). Northern India A.D. 650-750. In The classical age (8th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 151–151). essay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Majumdar, Ramesh C., Habib, M., Sharma, R. C., Banerjee, A. C., & Datta, K. (1982). A comprehensive history of India. People’s Publ. House. Manchen-Helfen, O. (1973). Religion. In The World of the Huns; studies in their history and culture (pp. 279–280). essay, University of California Press.
  • Marquart, J. (1901). Exkiirs III. Toxaristan. In Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des PS. moses xorenac’i MIT hist.-krit. komm. U. hist U. topogr (pp. 263–264). essay, Weidmann.
  • Marshall, J. (1921). Jandial. In A guide to Taxila (2nd ed., pp. 90–91). essay, Calcutta Government printing press.
  • Marshall, J. (1951). Coins. In Taxila: An ill. Account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila under the orders of the Government of India between the years 1913 and 1934 (Vol. II, pp. 791–791): essay, Cambridge at the University Press.
  • Mascarenhas, D. D., Raina, A., Aston, C. E., & Sanghera, D. K. (2015a). Genetic and cultural reconstruction of the migration of an ancient lineage. BioMed Research International, 2015, 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2015/651415
  • Mascarenhas, D. D., Raina, A., Aston, C. E., & Sanghera, D. K. (2015b, September 30). Genetic and cultural reconstruction of the migration of an ancient lineage. BioMed Research International. http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2015/651415 Masʻūdī, H. A., & Sprenger, A. (1841). EL-MAS’UDI’S
  • MEADOWS OF GOLD,. In Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab al-Masʻūdī = el-Mas’údí’s historical encyclopaedia, entitled “Meadows of gold and mines of gems” (Vol. I, pp. 380–381). essay, Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
  • Mazumdar, B. C. (1927). Dispersion of the Sabara-Kol people. In The aborigines of the highlands of Central India (pp. 36–36). essay, University of Calcutta.
  • McCrindle, J. W. (2012). The Invasion of India. In The invasion of India by Alexander the Great (pp. 256– 257). essay, Kessinger Pub.
  • Miester, M. W. (1996). Indus Temples and Saurashtra. Ancient Pakistan, University of Peshawar, XXI, 63–77.
  • Mirchandani, B. D. (1976). Ancient Sindhu and Sauvira. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692236
  • Mishra, Y. K. (1972a). Conflict with Alptegin. In The Hindu sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab A.D. 865- 1026 ; (pp. 95–99). essay, Vaishali Bhavan.
  • Mishra, Y. K. (1972b). Sources and Problems. In The Hindu sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab A.D. 865- 1026 ; (pp. 3–5). essay, Vaishali Bhavan.
  • Misra, P. (1941). The term Rajput (rajaputra) – jstor.org. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44304723. pdf?addFooter=false
  • Mousavi, A. (2012). From Parsa to Sad Sotun: The afterlife of Persepolis begins. In Persepolis: Discovery and afterlife of a world wonder (pp. 82–82). essay, De Gruyter.
  • Muhammad, A. A. N., & Reynolds, J. (1858). Memoirs of Mahmud Of Ghazana. In The Kitab-i-Yamini: Historical memoirs of the Amir Sabaktagin and the sultan Mahmud of Ghazna (pp. 342–343). essay,
  • Muhammed, H. A. A. al-Barakāt. (1967a). THE BACK GROUND NORTH INDIA. In The foundation of Muslim rule in India: A history of the establishment and progress of the Turkish sultanate of Delhi: 1206- 1290 A.D. 2nd revised edition. A.B.M. Habibullah .. (pp. 37–38). Essay, Central Book Depot.
  • Muhammed, H. A. A. al-Barakāt. (1967b). The background: North India. In The foundation of Muslim rule in India: A history of the establishment and progress of the Turkish sultanate of Delhi: 1206-1290 A.D. 2nd revised edition. A.B.M. Habibullah .. (pp. 35–36). Essay, Central Book depot.
  • Munshi, K. M. (1943). Gurjaradesa and its people. In The glory that was gūrjaradeśa (pp. 18–19). essay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Nagarajan, H. (2023). The Routledge Companion to linguistics in India. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Panda, S. K. (1997). Situating tribals in the early history of Orissa. Jstor Home. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/44143896
  • Parasher , Aloka. (1993). Mlecchas in early India. A study in attitudes towards outsiders up to AD 600. Anthropologie et Sociétés, 17(3), 32–33. https://doi. org/10.7202/015288ar
  • Parasher, A. (1978). A study of attitudes towards mlecchas and other outsiders in northern India ( -6″ A.D. 600) (thesis). University of London, London.
  • Pargiter, F. E. (Trans.). (1969). Countries and Races North of India. In The mārkaṇḍeya purāṇa: Translated with notes (pp. 319–319). essay, Indological Book House.
  • Paroń, A., & Anessi, T. (2021). The Earliest History of the Pechenegs. In The pechenegs: Nomads in the political and cultural landscape of Medieval Europe (pp. 86–88). essay, Brill.
  • Pathik, J., & Sharma, D. C. (1980). Chronology of Dogra Rulers. In Cultural Heritage of the dogras (pp. 16–18). essay, Light & Life Publishers.
  • Postel, M., Neven, A., & Mankodi, K. (1985). A — THE WESTERN GROUP (RAVI & CHENAB). In
  • Potts, D. T. (2014). Late Antiquity. In Nomadism in Iran From Antiquity to the Modern Era (pp. 130–140). essay, Oxford University Press.
  • Pritsak, O. (1976a). The Ruling Clan and the Other Tribes. In The Pečenegs: A case of social and economic transformation (pp. 15–15). essay, De Gruyter.
  • Pritsak, O. (1976b). The ruling clans and the other tribes. In The Pečenegs: A case of social and economic transformation (pp. 15–15). essay, De Ridder.
  • Pritsak, O. (2020). The Pečenegs: A case of social and economic transformation. De Gruyter.
  • Procopius, C. (2006). The Persian War. In H. B. Dewing (Trans.), History of the wars (Vol. 1, pp. 8–12). Harvard University Press.
  • Quintanilla, S. R., Errington, E., & Bopearachchi, O. (2004). Silk Road Art and Archaeology, vol. 6: Papers in honour of Francine Tissot. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 124(1), 204–205. https:// doi.org/10.2307/4132195
  • Ray, H. C. (1931). Sindh. In The Dynastic History of Northern India: Early mediaeval period (pp. 5–6). essay, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
  • Ray, H. C. (1942). The word Ba’urah in Muruj ul- Zahab of Al Ma‘sudiH. THE INDIAN HISTORICAL Quarterly, 18(2), 369–372.
  • Rehman, A. (1969). Abdur Rahman, “Excavation at Damkot”, Ancient Pakistan,lV. University of Peshawar.
  • Rehman, A. (1988a). Palaeography and Inscriptions. In The last two dynasties of the Shahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (pp. 237–239). essay, Renaissance Pub. House.
  • Rehman, A. (1988a). Sculptures. In The last two dynasties of the Shahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (pp. 285–285). essay, Renaissance Pub. House.
  • Rehman, A. (1988b). Summary and Conclusion. In The last two dynasties of the Shahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (pp. 304–307). essay, Renaissance Pub. House.
  • Rezakhan, K. (2019). Miirosan to Khurasan: Huns, Alkhans and the creation of East Iran. Vicino Oriente, 23, 125–126. https://doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x 2019_9
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). The Alkhans in the Southern Hindu Kush. In ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (pp. 104–124). Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j. ctt1g04zr8.13
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). The NĒZAK and Turk periods. ReOrienting the Sasanians, 157–175. https://doi. org/10.1515/9781474400305-014
  • Richards, J. (1996). A successful coup, 1713. In The Mughal Empire (pp. 164–165). essay, Cambridge University Press. Róna-Tas, A., Khabtagaeva, B., & Olach, Z. (2022). Historical Linguistics and Philology of Central Asia: Essays in Turkic and Mongolic studies. Brill.
  • Sachau, E. (2007). ABOUT THE BEGINNING OF IDOL-WORSHIP, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE
  • INDIVIDUAL IDOLS. In Alberuni’s India: An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, Chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030 (pp. 100–101). essay, Rupa.
  • Sachau, E. C. (1910). XVIII. In Alberuni’s India … (pp. 207–207). essay, Munshilal Manoharlal Publisher, Delhi.
  • Said, H., & Zahid , A. (1990). Notes. In Al Biruni ( His Times, Life And Works) (pp. 236–236). essay, Venus publishing house.
  • Schmidt, R. W., & Seguchi, N. (2016). Craniofacial Variation of the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia reveals their possible origins and population history. Quaternary International, 405, 110–121. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.035
  • Schmitt, R. (2013). Khvarenah. In Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell
  • Schörflinger, J. (2013). 5. Die Kidariten in Taxila: Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog. 5. Die Kidariten in Taxila | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog. https://data1. geo.univie.ac.at/projects/dasantlitzdesfremden/ showcases/showcase5.html
  • Senapati, N., & Kuam̐ra, D. (1975). Orissa district gazetteers: Sundargarh. Gazetteers Unit, Dept. of Revenue.
  • Senapati, N., & Sahu, N. K. (1967). Ancient history. In Orissa district gazetteers: Mayurbhanj (pp. 60–64). essay, Supt., Orissa Govt. Press.
  • Senior, B. (1996). Oriental Numismatic Society – Home. Oriental Numismatic Society. https://www. orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_149.pdf
  • Sharma, D. (1943). Identification of Birāhān. The Poona Orientalist, 8, 110–111.
  • Sharma, P. (2018). Shivlingas and Bhairav in Sati Shaktipeeths. In The Forgotten Shivling of Sati Shaktipeeths (pp. 67–67). essay, Zorba Books.
  • Sherring, M. A. (1872). Introduction. In Hindu tribes and castes (pp. xxi–xxi). introduction, Thacker, Spink & Co.
  • Siddiqui, Dr. H. (2007). The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule. Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh . Sims-Williams, N. (2010). Iranisches Personennamenbuch. In Bactrian personal names (pp. 17–17). essay, OAW.
  • Singh, G. (1967). Some important towns of PEPSU. In The Punjab Past and Present Part 1 (Vol. 19, pp. 215– 215). essay, Publication Bureau, University of Patiala.
  • Singh, K. (1954). Extension of territories 1748-1754 A.D. In Life of Maharaja Ala Singh of Patiala and his times: Based on contemporary and original sources (pp. 72–72). essay, Sikh History Research Dept., Khalsa College.
  • Singh, N. K. (2009). Coronation of Shiva: Rediscovering Masrur temple. Har-Anand Publications.
  • Sinha, S. (1987). Ex-Princely States of Orissa: Mayurbhanj. In Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India (pp. 14– 16). essay, Published for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, by K.P. Bagchi & Co.
  • Sircar, D. (1987). Hatun rock inscription of Patoladeva.
  • In Articles of Dr. D.C. Sircar in Epigraphia Indica, vol. XXX (Vol. XXX, pp. 226–231). Essay, Director General ASI, India.
  • SIRCAR, D. C. (2023). Ariaka, Alasanda, Barbara. In Studies in the geography of ancient and medieval India (pp. 231–231). essay, MOTILAL BANARSIDASS.
  • Smith, V. A. (1907). white hun’ coin of Vyaghramukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) dynasty of Bhinmal. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 39(4), 923–928. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0035869x00036868
  • Somānī, R. (1976). Early History. In History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. (pp. 27–28). essay, Mateshwari Publications.
  • SOUDAVAR, A. (2009). The vocabulary and syntax of iconography in Sasanian Iran. Iranica Antiqua, 44(0), 417–460. https://doi.org/10.2143/ia.44.0.2034385
  • Spawforth, A., & Wiesehopher, J. (2011). King and Court in the Sasanian Empire. In The Court and Court Society in ancient monarchies (pp. 62–66). essay, Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Stein, A. (1944). Archæological notes form the Hindukush Region. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 76(1–2), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s0035869x00098713
  • Stein, M. A. (2019). First book. In Kalhanas’s Rajatanagini: A chronicle of the kings of Kashmir (pp. 205–206). essay, Gulshan Books.
  • Stein, M. A. (2019). First book. In Kalhanas’s Rajatanagini: A chronicle of the kings of Kashmir (pp. 72–72). essay, Gulshan Books.
  • Tabari, M. ibn Y. al-. (1989). Holders of Power after Ardashir b. Babak. In C. E. Bosworth (Trans.), The history of al-Tabari (Vol. v, pp. 152–152). essay, State University of New York Press.
  • Takakusu, J. (1905). On yuan-chwang’s travels in India (629–645 A.D.). vol. i. by the late Thomas Watters, M.R.A.S. edited by Professor T. W. Rhys Davids, F.B.A., and Dr. S. W. Bushell, M.D., C.M.G. (London : Oriental Translation Fund, N.S., vol. XIV, Royal Asiatic Society.). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1, 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00033360
  • Thakur, U., & Sircar, D. C. (1967). ORIGIN AND
  • EARLY SETTLEMENTS. In The Hunas in India (pp. 56–61). essay, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
  • Thapar, R. (1971). The image of the barbarian in early India – JSTOR. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/178208
  • Thapar, R. (2003). The Politics of Northern India. In The penguin history of early India: From the origins to AD 1300 (pp. 416–419). essay, Penguin.
  • Titus, M. T. (2005). Religious orders. In Islam in India and Pakistan: A religious history of Islam in India and Pakistan (pp. 124–127). essay, Munshiram Manoharlal.
  • Tod, J. (2014a). Annals of Jessulmer. In Annals and antiquities of Rajast’han, or, the central and western Rajpoot states of India (8th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 180–180). essay, Rupa & Co. Note 2
  • Tod, J. (2014b). Personal Narrative. In Annals and antiquities of Rajast’han, or, the central and western Rajpoot states of India (8th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 587–588). essay, Rupa & Co.
  • Vaidya, C. V. (1926). The Kingdoms in India in Harsha’s Time. In History of mediaeval Hindu India: by C.V. Vaidya (pp. 21–21). essay, Oriental Book-supplying Agency.
  • Vaidya, Chintaman Vinayak. (1979). The Shahis of Kabul . In History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Vol. 1, pp. 190–191). essay, Cosmo Publications.
  • Vaidya, Chintamani V. (1921). The Shahis of Kabul. In History of medieval Hindu India (pp. 190–195). essay, Oriental book supplying agency, Poona. van Driem, G. (2013). East Asian Ethnolinguistic Phylogeography. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7(1), 135-188. https://doi.org/10.1163/2405478X-90000111
  • Vashishtha, N. (1989). Sculptural traditions of Rajasthan: Ca. 800-1000 A.D. Scheme.
  • Virji, K. J., Moraes, G. M., & Tucci, G. (1952). Ancient history of Saurashtra: (being a study of the Maitrakas of Valabhi 5. to 8. centuries A.D.). Konkan institute of arts and sciences.
  • Viyogi, N., & Ansari, M. A. (2010). The Panwar and the Chands. In History of the later Harappans and Shilpakara Movement (pp. 388–388). essay, Kalpaz Publications.
  • Vovin, A. (2000). Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?. 44. 87-104.
  • Waley, A. S. (1975). Introduction. In A pageant of India (pp. 80–80). introduction, S.P. Publications.
  • Wheeler, B. M. (2006). Treasure of the Ka’bah. In Mecca and Eden: Ritual, relics, and territory in Islam (pp. 41–42). essay, University of Chicago Press.
  • Wilson, J. (1883). Sirsa district of the Panjab. In General code of tribal custom in the Sirsa district of the Panjáb (pp. 10–11). essay, Supt. of Govt. Print., India.
  • Wink, Andre. (2002). The frontier of Al Hind. In Al- Hind: The making of the Indo-Islamic World (pp. 125– 125). essay, Brill.
  • Wink, André. (1997). The Frontier of Al Hind. In Al- hind (pp. 116–117). essay, Brill.
  • Wink, André. (2002). THE FRONTIER OF AL-HIND.
  • In Al- Hind the making of the Indo-Islamic World (pp. 125–126). essay, Brill.
  • WRIGGINS, S. (2023). The crossroads of Asia. In Xuanzang: A Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road (pp. 37–44). essay, ROUTLEDGE.
  • WRIGHT,G.N.(2018). BAT.In Newandcomprehensive gazetteer,: Being a delineation of the present state of the… world, from the most recent authorities, arranged (pp. 479–479). essay, FORGOTTEN BOOKS.
  • Yarshater, E. (1983). The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press
  • Yungzhi, H., & Hui, L. (1995). THE GENETIC AND LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FOR THE XIONGNU-
  • Zajti, F. (1939). Hungarian millennia (Skytha- Hungarian-Hungarian racial identity). Valéz Fodor Árpád printing house – Fővárosi Nyomda Részvénytársaság, Budapest, pp. 5, 170, 178.
  • Zang, X., & Beal, S. (1884). Gandhara. In Si-Yu-ki Buddhist records of the western world. translated from the Chinese of hiuen tsiang (A. D. 629) (pp. 97–98). essay, Trübner. 20.

For citation queries, missing entries, or suggested additions, please use the contact form. Substantive corrections will be credited on the page they affect.

For citation queries, missing entries, or suggested additions, please use the contact form. Substantive corrections will be credited on the page they affect.